GANDĀPŪR
M. Jamil Hanifi
one of two Šērānī Pashtun/Paxtun tribal segments (the other being the Baḵtīār), who claim origin in southwestern Afghanistan.
GANDĀPŪR, ŠĒR MOḤAMMAD KHAN
M. Jamil Hanifi
b. Mehrdād Khan b. Āzād Khan, author of the Persian Tawārīḵ-e ḵoršīd-e jahān, an important chronicle containing genealogical accounts and tables of Pashtun/Paxtun tribal groups.
JEVRI, AHISKALI
Osman G. Özgüdenli
(1805-1875), Ottoman poet and translator, a professional soldier.
BAṚĒC(Ī)
D. Balland
a Pashtun tribe in southern Afghanistan. Location of the Baṛēc at the southern extremity of Pashtun territory and at the limits of the Baluch has allowed multiple contacts with the latter and Brahui, including intermarriages, as well as linguistic or even genealogical assimilation.
BAGARAN
R. H. Hewsen
(lit. “the god’s place”; Turk. Pakran), a town founded by the Armenian King Orontes (Eruand) II (ca. 212-ca. 200 B.C.) to house the images of the gods and the royal ancestors.
AYMĀQ
A. Janata
(Turk. Oymaq), a term designating tribal peoples in Khorasan and Afghanistan, mostly semi-nomadic or semi-sedentary, in contrast to the fully sedentary, non-tribal population of the area.
DŌŠĪ
Daniel Balland
small town and district on the northern slope of the central Hindu Kush in Afghanistan.
BANGAṦ
D. Balland
one of the least-known Pashtun tribes in the Solaymān range, Pakistan, and one of the few that are not named after eponymous ancestors.
ESʿAD DEDE, MEHMED
Tahsın Yazici
Moḥammad Asʿad Dada (b. Salonika, 1841; d. Istanbul, 9 August 1911), Turkish author and Sufi poet of the Mawlawī order.
BAGAWAN (2)
R. H. Hewsen
an ancient locality in central Armenia situated at the foot of Mount Npat (Gk. Niphates, Turk. Tapa-seyd) in the principality of Bagrewand west of modern Diyadin.
ʿEZZAT PĀŠĀ, MOḤAMMAD
Tahsın Yazici
(1843-1914), author of a Persian-Turkish dictionary and translator of Persian literary works.
FEHİM SÜLEYMAN EFENDİ
Tahsın Yazici
or FAHĪM SOLAYMĀN (b. Istanbul, 1789; d. 1846), a Persian teacher and poet of Turkish origin.
ḤAYĀTI, ABDÜLHAY
Tahsin Yazici
or ʿAbd-al-Ḥayy, 15th century poet who wrote a series of Turkish poems modeled on Neẓāmi’s Ḵamsa.
DAWLATḴĒL
Daniel Balland
tribal name common among the eastern Pashtun at various levels of tribal segmentation.
ELĪF EFENDI, Ḥaṣīrīzāda
Tahsin Yaziçi
(b. in Sütlüce, May 1850; d. 4 December 1926), Turkish poet and scholar.
ABDĀLĪ
C. M. Kieffer
ancient name of a large tribe, or more particularly of a group of Afghan tribes, better known by the name of Dorrānī since the reign of Aḥmad Šāh Dorrānī (1747-72).
ʿABD-AL-QĀDER BALḴĪ
T. Yazici
(1839-1923), an Ottoman Sufi and poet who came originally from Balḵ.
ʿABD-AL-BĀQĪ LAʿLĪZĀDA
T. Yazici
(d. 1746 A.D.), Ottoman scholar, son of Shaikh Laʿlī Meḥmed, the grandson of Sarı ʿAbdallāh, a commentator on the Maṯnavī.
BAYĀNI, JĀR-ALLĀH-ZĀDA
Tahsin Yazici
(d. 1597), Shaikh Moṣtafā, a Turkish poet who composed on the ḡazals of Hāfeẓ.
ESḤĀQZĪ
Daniel Balland
The geographical distribution of the tribe shows the dualism typical to those Pashtun tribes who have massively taken part in the colonization of North Afghanistan, a process in which the Esḥāqzī played a leading role.
This Article Has Images/Tables.ḎU’L-QADR
Pierre Oberling
(arabicized form of Turk. Dulgadır), a Ḡozz tribe that became established mainly in southeastern Anatolia under the Saljuqs.
BAND-E TORKESTĀN
X. De Planhol
(boundary wall of Turkestan), the mountain range in northwestern Afghanistan which runs in a west-east direction for 200 km between the upper valley of the Morḡāb to the south and the plains of the Āmū Daryā to the north.
DAWLATZĪ
Daniel Balland
(singular Dawlatzay), ethnic name common among the eastern Pashtun on both sides of the Durand Line.
JĀMI RUMI
Osman G. Özgüdenli
(or Jāmi Meṣri), AḤMAD, Ottoman official, poet, and translator (fl. 10th/16th century).
BĒṬANĪ
Daniel Balland
a Pashtun tribe on the eastern edge of the Solaymān mountains. The recent history of the Bēṭanī has been largely determined by the land that they now inhabit, adjacent to the plains of the middle Indus and the Wazīr uplands.
BAHĀʾI TABRIZI
Tahsin Yazici
(1874-1925), AḤMAD, Persian calligrapher and poet.
ESMĀʿĪL ḤAQQĪ BORSAVĪ
Tahsin Yazıcı
or Oskodārī, b. MOṢṬAFĀ, Shaikh Abu’l-Fedāʾ (b. Aydos 1652; d. Bursa, 1725), Turkish scholar, theologian, and mystic.
ČARḴ
Daniel Balland
a common toponym all over the Iranian world.
FATḤ
EIr
b. ḴĀQĀN (d. 861), famous bibliophile, author, courtier, and official in ʿAbbasid times.
ḠILZĪ
M. Jamil Hanifi
or ḠALZĪ, one of three major Pashtun/Paxtun tribal confederations in Afghanistan.
ESʿAD EFENDİ, MEHMED
Tahsın Yazici
Moḥammad Asʿad Efendi (b. Istanbul, 14 June 1570; d. Istanbul, 21 June 1625), Ottoman religious figure and author of both Persian and Turkish poetry.
JEMĀLI
Osman G. Özgüdenli
Ottoman poet and writer of the 15th century.
BEDLĪS
Robert Dankoff
(Turk. Bitlis, Arm. Bałēš, Ar. Badlīs), town and province of Turkey, of Kurdish population, situated twenty km southwest of Lake Van, commanding the passes between the Armenian highlands and the Mesopotamian lowlands.
ʿABDĪ
T. Yazici
pen name of ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN PASHA, Ottoman official and historian (d. 1692).
ḠĀLEB DADA, MOḤAMMAD ASʿAD
Tahsın Yazici
also known as Mehmed Esad Galib Dede, Shaikh Ḡāleb, or Şeyh Galib (b. Istanbul, 1757; d. Galata, 1799) poet in Turkish and Persian.
JEVDET, ʿABD-ALLĀH
Osman G. Özgüdenli
(1869-1932), Ottoman poet, writer, translator, and thinker.
CLOTHING xiii. Clothing in Afghanistan
Nancy Hatch Dupree
The most diagnostic item of clothing is headgear; and even the ubiquitous turban (Pers. langōtā, dastār, Pashto paṭkay, pagṛi), which can vary in length from 3 to 6 m, takes on distinguishing characteristics, depending on the arrangement of folds.
This Article Has Images/Tables.DAWTĀNĪ
Daniel Balland
Most Dawtānī nomads wintered in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan, in either southern Waziristan or Dērajāt. A minority wintered in southern Afghanistan, mainly in the Qandahār oasis, where some owned houses, or in the middle Helmand valley.
This Article Has Images/Tables.DORRĀNĪ
Daniel Balland
probably the most numerous Pashtun tribal confederation, from which all Afghan dynasties since 1747 have come. The Dorrānī confederation is a political grouping of ten Pashtun tribes of various sizes, which are further organized in two leagues of five tribes each.
This Article Has Images/Tables.ERZİ, ADNAN SADIK
Osman G. Özgüdenlı and Mustafa Uyar
After graduating in 1947, ERZİ began work for the Society of Turkish History as a library and publications specialist. In April 1947 he was appointed the Library Manager of the Faculty of Language and History/Geography at the University of Ankara.
This Article Has Images/Tables.ECKMANN, János
ANDRÁS BODROGLIGETI
(1905-1971), a Hungarian Professor of Chaghatay.
JEVRI, EBRĀHIM ČELEBI
Osman G. Özgüdenli
(d. 1654), Ottoman poet and calligrapher.
MUSĀ YABḠU
Osman G. Özgüdenli
the eponymous strongman of a Ḡozz clan, whose nephew Toḡrel founded the Saljuq dynasty.
RASULID HEXAGLOT
Peter B. Golden
a six-language glossary compiled by or prepared for the sixth Rasulid king of Yemen (r. 1363-77).
HINDU
J. T. P. de Bruijn
(Hendu) denotes in Persian an inhabitant of the Indian subcontinent as well as a follower of Hinduism. The stereotype of the Hindu developed into an element of lyrical imagery which had little to do with reality.
ABDĀL, QARA ŠEMSĪ
T. Yazici
(1244-1303/1828-86), a Turkish poet who also wrote poetry in Persian.
ʿADNĪ, MAḤMŪD PĀŠĀ
T. Yazici
(879/1474), Ottoman vizier and poet, better known in Turkish literature by his pen name ʿAdnī.
DĀWŪD KHAN, MOḤAMMAD
Barnett Rubin
(b. Kabul, 1909; d. Kabul, 27 April 1978), prime minister (1953-63) and first president of Afghanistan (1973-78). During his tenure as minister (known as “Dāwūd’s decade”), he transformed the Afghan state.Throughout his career he combined a strong desire to modernize the country with a close identification with the military.
This Article Has Images/Tables.JERGA
M. Jamil Hanifi
an assembly or council of local adult men, among the settled and nomadic Pashtun tribal communities of Afghanistan and Pakistan.
BĀRAKZĪ
D. Balland
(singular Bārakzay), an ethnic name common among the Pashtun of Afghanistan and Pakistan and the Baluch of southeastern Iran. The oldest settlement area is between Herat and the approaches to the Helmand valley.
BĀBĀ SANKŪ
H. Algar
ecstatic Central Asian dervish of disorderly habits, contemporary with Timur (d. 1405) and one of several Sufis with whom Timur chose to associate for reasons of state.
GÖLPINARLI, ABDÜLBAKI
Tahsin Yazıcı
(1900-1982), Turkish scholar noted in particular for his studies of the Turkish Sufi orders. He joined many Sufi orders without remaining in any of them for long. His greatest interests were in Shiʿism and the Mevlevi (Mawlawiya) order.
This Article Has Images/Tables.BADR-AL-DĪN TABRĪZĪ
H. Crane
architect and savant active in Konya in Anatolia during the third quarter of the 13th century.
ḴEṢĀLI ČELEBI
Osman G. Özgüdenli
Ḥosayn, Ottoman poet and writer born in Budapest at an unknown date. Hisdivānis the only source of information about his life.
ḴALAJ ii. Ḵalaji Language
Michael Knüppel
spoken by the Ḵalaj tribe, in the 1960s and 1970s numberingapproximately 20,000 people.
ʿABD-AL-ḤAMĪD B. VĀSEʿ
D. Pingree
mathematician, often referred to as Ebn Tork, who apparently flourished at the beginning of the 2nd/9th century.
ČŪPĀN
Jean-Pierre Digard
or čōbān “shepherd” (Mid. Pers. and NPers. šobān); even today the shepherd remains a central figure, in both the technological life and consequently the symbolic life, of all systems of animal husbandry.
GŌMAL
Shah Mahmoud Hanifi
or Gōmāl: a sub-province (woloswāli) and village in Paktiā province, eastern Afghanistan; a river originating in the Ḡazni province and flowing southeast through the Wazirestān tribal agency and the North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan; and a passage linking the eastern foothills of the Solaymān mountain range with the Indus plains.
JAMĀLI ṢUFI
Maryam Ekhtiari
PIR YAḤYĀ, calligrapher of the mid-8th/14th century who worked in Shiraz in the 740s/1340s.
NEẒĀMI QUNAVI
Osman G. Özgüdenlı
(Neẓāmi of Konya; d. 1469-73?), poet in Persian, Arabic, and Turkish.
GOLŠAHRI, SOLAYMĀN
EIr
or GÜLŞEHRÎ; 13th century Ottoman Sufi and poet who wrote in Persian and Turkish.
DOZĀLA
Jean During
kind of flute consisting of two parallel pipes pierced with holes and fitted with a removable vibrating mouthpiece made by cutting a U-shaped incision into a thin reed.
FEVZİ EFENDİ, MEḤMED
Tahsın Yazici
or FAWZĪ (b. Denizli, 1826; d. Istanbul, 1900), Ottoman author who wrote some books in Persian.
GABAIN, ANNEMARIE VON
Peter Zieme
Von Gabain was particularly interested in the question of the extent to which the religious ideas of the Central Asian peoples had been influenced by Zoroastrianism or other Iranian beliefs, and this perspective is reflected in several of her publications.
This Article Has Images/Tables.BOZBĀŠ
Mohammad R. Ghanoonparvar
Azeri Turkish name for an Iranian dish usually called ābgūšt-e sabzī (green vegetable stew).
ENGLISH i. Persian Elements in English
D. N. Mackenzie
OVERVIEW of the entry: i. Persian elements in English. ii. Persian influences in English and American literature. iii. Translations of classical Persian literature. iv. Translations of modern Persian literature. v. i. Translations of English literature into Persian.
DAWLATĀBĀD
Daniel Balland
name of several localities in Afghanistan that have grown up around civil or military government buildings.
BAGAYAṞIČ
R. H. Hewsen
site of the great temple of Mihr (Mithras), one of the eight principal pagan shrines of pre-Christian Armenia, traditionally built by Tigranes II the Great (r. 95-56 B.C.).
BARAKĪ BARAK
C. M. Kieffer
locality in the province of Lōgar, Afghanistan, the abode of the country’s last Ōrmuṛī speakers.
DASTĀN
Jean During
a term used in two different contexts in Persian music- melody and fingering system.
DĀʿĪ
Tahsin Yazici
the pen name of Aḥmad b. Ebrāhīm b. Moḥammad, Turkish scholar and poet who wrote in both Persian and Turkish.
KĀŠEFI
Osman G. Özgüdenlı
(d. 15th century), author of the epic poemḠazā-nāma-ye Rumon the lives of the Ottoman sultans Morād II (r. 1421-44 and 1446-51) and Moḥammad II (r. 1444-46 and 1451-81).
IRANIAN IDENTITY
Multiple Authors
collective feeling by Iranian peoples of belonging to the historic lands of Iran. This sense of identity, defined both historically and territorially, evolved from a common historical experience and cultural tradition.
ʿABDALLĀH, ṢĀRĪ
T. Yazici
(1584-1660), Ottoman scholar, mystic, poet, and commentator of Rūmī.
JEM SOLṬĀN
Osman G. Özgüdenli
(or Šāhzāda Jem, 1459-1495), Ottoman prince and poet.
ĀḴŪND
H. Algar
(or ĀḴᵛOND), a word of uncertain etymology with the general meaning of religious scholar. Various Persian origins have been proposed for the word.
ČOPOQ
Willem Floor
or ČEPOQ, a long-stemmed pipe with a small bowl for smoking tobacco, distinct from the ḡ/qalyān, or water pipe.
ABŪ ḤĀMED TORKA
Fazlur Rahman
scholar and author of the late 7th/13th and early 8th/14th centuries, the first in a line of prominent men of the Torka-ye Eṣfahānī family.
KĀMI AḤMED ÇELEBI
Osman G. Özgüdenlī
Ottoman scholar, judge, writer, and translator.He was born in Edirne (his birth date is unknown) and known as Mesnevi-hānzāde (Maṯnawi-ḵvānzāda).
BĀB (2)
H. Algar
Title given to certain Sufi shaikhs of Central Asia.
GENÇOSMAN, MEHMED NURÎ
Tahsın Yazici
(b. Ağın district of Elazığ, 1897; d. Istanbul, 1976), Turkish poet and translator of Persian works.
EMĪN YOMNĪ, MEḤMED
Tahsın Yazici
Moḥammad Amīn (b. Solaymānīya in Persia, 1845, d. Istanbul, 5 April 1924), Turkish poet and man of letters who also wrote in Persian.
CHEESE
Daniel Balland
In Persia and Afghanistan both nomadic pastoralists and sedentary peasants make the same basic kinds of domestic cheese. The only clear distinction is between acid and rennet cheeses, both made from mixed milks, except in Gīlān; there acid cheeses are usually prepared from cow’s and buffalo’s milk and rennet cheeses from ewe’s and goat’s milk.
This Article Has Images/Tables.KĀBOLI
Rawan Farhadi and J. R. Perry
the colloquial Persian spoken in the capital of Afghanistan, Kabul, and its environs. It has been a common and prestigious vernacular for several centuries, since Kabul was long ruled by dynasts of Iran (the Safavids) or India (the Mughals) for whom Persian was the language of culture and administration.
This Article Has Images/Tables.HAZĀRA ii. HISTORY
Alessandro Monsutti
Among the Hazāras themselves, three main theories exist: they are of Mongolian or Turko-Mongolian descent; they are the pre-Indo-European autochthones of the area; or they are of mixed race as a result of several waves of migration.
This Article Has Images/Tables.ḴĀTUN
C. Edmund Bosworth
a title of high-born women in the pre-modern Turkish and Persian worlds.
HAZĀRA i. Historical geography of Hazārajāt
Arash Khazeni
Hazārajāt, the homeland of the Hazāras, lies in the central highlands of Afghanistan. In some respects Hazārajāt denotes an ethnic and religious zone rather than a geographical one–that of Afghanistan’s Turko-Mongol Shiʿites.
This Article Has Images/Tables.JĀḠORI
A. Monsutti
a term of uncertain etymological origin for both a tribal section of the Hazāras and a district (woluswāli) of Ḡazni province in Afghanistan.
KĀMI MEHMED-I KARAMĀNI
Osman G. Özgüdenlī
Ottoman scholar, judge, poet, and translator.He was born in Karaman (Qaramān) in central Anatolia.
RUḤAFZĀ, SOLAYMĀN
Houman Sarshar
(1900-1995), master of Persian classical music. He belongs to the first generation of Persian classical musicians who learned musical notation and the second generation to record his music.
ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN KᵛĀRAZMĪ
P. P. Soucek
calligrapher specializing in nastaʿlīq, active during the middle decades of the 9th/15th century.
HAMZA NİGARİ
Tahsin Yazi
(Ḥamza Negāri) Ḥāji Mir Ḥamza Efendi b. Mir Pāšā, Sufi and poet from Azerbaijan, who wrote in both Persian and Turkish (d. 1886).
ČAḠČARĀN
Daniel Balland
Principal town and administrative capital of the province of Ḡōr, in the mountains of central Afghanistan.
ALTIN TEPE
V. M. Masson
a settlement of the Neolithic period and Bronze Age in the south of Turkmenistan near the village of Miana.
KANJAKI
Nicholas Sims-Williams
language mentioned in the 11th-century Turkish lexicon of Maḥmud al-Kāšḡari as being spoken in the villages near Kāšḡar.
IGDIR
Pierre Oberling
a Turkic tribe in Persia and Anatolia. It was one of the 24 original Oghuz tribes. Like other tribes that migrated to the Middle East in Saljuqid times, it has become widely scattered.
AZDI, ʿABD-AL-JABBĀR
G. R. Hawting
b. ʿAbd-al-Raḥmān, a governor of Khorasan who came into conflict with the caliph al-Manṣur, executed, probably in 142/759-60.
ASPARUKH
D. M. Lang
a Middle Iranian proper name attested in ancient Georgia and early medieval Bulgaria.
ḴᵛĀJAVAND
Pierre Oberling
a Kurdish tribe in the Caspian province of Māzandarān. According to L. S. Fortescue, the tribe “was originally brought from Garrūs and Kurdistān by Nādir Shāh.”
ABŪ ṬĀLEB KHAN LANDANĪ
M. Baqir
Official and author in British India (18th-19th century).
